Print
PDF FormatFor Lévy, America is not just a country, but a “region of the soul.” It represents the aspirations of people all over the world who yearn to live in a free society where one’s ethnic origins are not a barrier to success, at least in theory. This, Lévy claims, is what drives resentment toward America. European intellectuals, stained by their support for both left- and right-wing totalitarian ideologies throughout the twentieth century, have repeatedly been proven wrong by history, while America’s success—its relatively harmonious racial relations, its prosperous economy, the popularity of its culture around the world, the long line of foreigners waiting to immigrate—seems to confirm that its way of doing things may not be so bad after all. Their antipathy is only compounded by the fact that America is also the most successful realization of the principles put forth by the European Enlightenment. As Lévy puts it, “The little, fragile, precarious upstart, the one we thought was so congenitally defected that it would hardly be able to walk without crutches,” eventually succeeded in actualizing European ideals better than Europeans themselves. That kind of success is difficult to forgive, let alone admire.
Anti-Americanism, however, is only part of what’s wrong with what Lévy calls “a left that has done everything to empty itself of its substance.” The other factor is conspiracy theory. Delusions about secret cabals running the world or, as Lévy puts it, “the obsession with the plot,” used to be a feature of right-wing politics, but it increasingly characterizes those on the political left. Mainstream left-wing intellectuals in both the United States and Europe seriously believe that after the 9/11 attacks a secret cabal of Jews—usually identified as the “neocons”—hijacked the American government and military in order to wage war on the Muslim world. Such paranoia was never a progressive phenomenon. Whatever its real-world failings, Marxism was at least a rigorous, empirical method of analyzing history, economics, and politics. Today’s leftists have forgotten their Marx. “This is no longer analysis but magic,” Lévy writes about the left’s newfound affinity for intricate conspiracy theories. “We’re no longer talking about concepts; we’re taking about the occult.” Ironically, says Lévy, today’s left-wing anti-Americanism is heavily influenced by themes borrowed from the pre-World War II right. The work of self-styled progressive Michael Moore, for instance, essentially reiterates “the old isolationist, populist, hyper-nationalist, and bigoted themes of the Pat Buchanans and other far-right Americans.”
A central component of this culture of conspiracy theory is, of course, Jewish power. As Lévy’s fellow New Philosopher Alain Finkielkraut once said, “Conspiracy thinking is again taking over simple minds, and conspiracy leads sooner or later to the Elders of Zion.” Lévy appears to agree, and he is something of an authority on the subject. His 1981 book The French Ideology traced the historical development of French antisemitism and concluded that it was not an exclusively left- or right-wing phenomenon but an ideology shared by thinkers on both sides. Like his fellow New Philosophers Finkielkraut and Glucksmann, Lévy is Jewish, and though completely secular, he acknowledges the debt that he and other like-minded intellectuals owe to Jewish thought. Indeed, Lévy has publicly stated that his Jewish identity was a decisive factor in his visceral call to arms against genocide in Bosnia and now Darfur.
It is not surprising, then, that the recent increase in antisemitism worldwide occupies a substantial portion of Left in Dark Times. It is absolutely essential to Lévy’s depressing story of the contemporary left’s moral and intellectual collapse. Many critics have noted this disturbing trend, and argue that the “new antisemitism” is merely an updated version of an ancient hatred. They claim that Israel, which wasn’t around for early-twentieth-century antisemites to slander, may have given Jew-hatred a new target, but the anti-Jewish myths of yesterday and today are the same.
Lévy disagrees. Previous incarnations of antisemitism, he writes, have centered upon notions of Jewish deicide; Jewish control of financial institutions; the Jews as an obstacle to cohesive nationalism or, conversely, to cosmopolitanism; and, in the last century, the Jews as a distinct, inferior, and uniquely perfidious race. Today’s antisemitism, however, is more subtle and complex. Certainly, older forms of antisemitism still exist and are widely espoused in the Muslim world, but in Europe such anachronistic rhetoric “is not strong enough to whip up a crowd to a pogromist frenzy.” Lévy doesn’t dismiss the idea that classic antisemitism could return to Europe; he’s worried, rather, that it may do so in the language of the same progressive and cosmopolitan ideology that claims to oppose it.
Most pernicious about the new antisemitism, Lévy argues, is that it disguises itself in the traditional left-wing rhetoric of anti-fascism. Old-fashioned antisemites could usually be relied upon to voice their bigotry without dressing it up in language palatable to a mainstream audience. That is, they bluntly claimed that the Jews were an inferior race that had killed Jesus and ritually murdered Gentile children. Today’s antisemitism, however, sounds all too much like bien pensant anti-Americanism, with its talk of secret plots, global domination, and “wars for Israel.”
Lévy isn’t shy about naming names. He singles out Cindy Sheehan, a hero to American anti-war activists, for alleging that her son died as a result of a war engineered by American Jewish government officials; he all but calls former U.S. president Jimmy Carter an antisemite for his “unquestioning moral support to the leadership of Hamas”; and he claims that professors Stephen Walt’s and John Mearsheimer’s book The Israel Lobby is so mendacious and conspiratorial that laws banning Holocaust denial might well proscribe its publication in France.
The left’s obsession with Israel is not just unbecoming, however. Lévy believes that it has debased the intellectual faculties of liberals. For many on the left today, everything bad in the world, from sectarian violence in Iraq to hateful preaching in Pakistani madrassas, can be explained away as symptoms of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet in reality, says Lévy, “this decisive Palestine is nothing more than a geographic reference, a very uncertain place name, a signifier at most.” He has visited all these places where the local Muslims are supposedly obsessed with Israel, and has found little evidence to support the conventional wisdom on the subject. According to Lévy, the call to “solve” the Palestinian issue usually betrays the assumption that all the Middle East’s problems can be reduced to a single easy explanation. This misconception has become so routine that Israel is now nothing less than a “spell that restricts progressive thinking.”
Is Lévy attacking straw men? Is he wasting our time by criticizing obscure individuals and their hackneyed, albeit morally repugnant arguments? It is true that the ranks of academia are filled with the sort of people who see no distinction between George W. Bush and al-Qaida, and periodicals like The Nation continue, in the words of its former columnist Hitchens, to be “the voice and echo chamber of those who truly believe that John Ashcroft is a greater threat than Osama Bin Laden.” Mainstream American liberalism, however, both ideologically and in its organized political form in the Democratic party, is not about to be taken over by these forces. President Barack Obama frequently invoked American exceptionalism in his campaign speeches, and he angered more than a few radical Muslims—not to mention his left-wing base—when he promised to attack terrorist targets in Pakistan if Islamabad was unwilling or unable to do so. Moreover, the spate of pro-American European leaders elected in recent years augurs well for those who believe in the importance of a transatlantic alliance committed to the defense of Western freedoms against the bullying of a Vladimir Putin or the terrorism of an Osama Bin Laden. In light of all this, isn’t much of Lévy’s criticism of the left just posturing and sly self-promotion, a cynical symptom of what intellectuals must do to keep their brand current?
Not so, Lévy argues. A small number of extremists, left unchecked, can have a massive impact on human history. He cites the tiny group of exiled Bolsheviks who plotted a global revolution during the early years of the twentieth century. This certainly seemed like a harebrained scheme at the time, until the conspirators managed to overthrow the Russian provisional government and rule the country for seven decades. And then there was “that little group hanging out in the back rooms of Munich beer houses,” a frustrated young painter named Adolf Hitler among them. It was not long before he and his followers went from ruminating about national humiliation over lagers to starting a world war of unprecedented violence. Neither of these groups of marginal ideologues was considered a particularly gruesome threat at first, and no one seriously thought they could take over a town council, much less engineer millions of deaths. In a similar fashion, the fact that George Galloway stands little to no chance of becoming prime minister of Great Britain does not mean that the ideas he espouses cannot gain popularity over time. Indeed, it is a dangerous thing to underestimate the appeal of certain illiberal ideologies. In 2005, for instance, the aforementioned Noam Chomsky—whom Lévy brilliantly characterizes as a “maniacal negationist” for his cynical and dishonest corpus of political writing—was voted the world’s foremost “public intellectual” in an online survey conducted jointly by Prospect and Foreign Policy magazines. Ideas, Lévy reminds us, have consequences.
As a lifelong member in good standing of the political left, Lévy is in an excellent position to diagnose its current ills—or, in his words, “draw the cartography of this darkness”—partly because he has done so before, albeit in relation to a different form of totalitarianism. Indeed, Left in Dark Times is not altogether different from Barbarism with a Human Face. Both books seek to rescue the left by examining the seeds of its own potential self-destruction, and both represent a crisis of confidence for the author: his confidence in what the left should stand for, and his confidence in his own place on the political spectrum. This new crisis appears to have been on Lévy’s mind for a very long time. In 1995, for instance, Lévy told the London Times that, “It may not be the end of history as Fukuyama has suggested, but the return of history which may cause intellectuals to go through a metamorphosis which will restore their status.” Six years before 9/11, Lévy was warning that all was not well in world affairs, and that self-proclaimed liberal intellectuals would once again be tested by their response to illiberal ideologies.
Lévy’s grandiose writing style takes some getting used to, and his work does not benefit from translation. His sentences often drag on far too long, and he sometimes takes several paragraphs to explain an idea which would benefit from a more concise approach. But none of these stylistic quibbles ought to detract from what is an otherwise powerful, if depressing, book. Reading it, one wonders why the author doesn’t just throw up his hands, declare his break with the left, and make the move that so many other thinkers once in his position—the neoconservatives among them—made a generation before. Perhaps it is because Lévy believes that, as philosopher Michael Walzer once put it, a “decent left” is still possible. It’s this belief that drives him to ask the important questions many of his comrades are doing their best to ignore: Is being “left-wing” mutually exclusive of appreciating America’s global leadership, Israel’s creation and existence, and the possibility of democratization in the Muslim world? Is it not possible to favor a universal health care system, gay marriage, abortion rights, progressive taxation, and the welfare state while also abhorring radical Islam and committing oneself to the fight against it?
Let’s hope so. The genuine heirs of the anti-fascist tradition have been fighting for the soul of the left for a long time, and their victory is in the interests of everyone who values secularism, democracy, and individual freedom. Unfortunately, there is less and less available space for leftists who hold fast to these principles. For the time being, however, we can rest assured that Bernard-Henri Lévy will remain standing against the rising tide.
James Kirchick is an assistant editor of The New Republic.
